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6th-century Italian Catholic saint and monk

Saint Benedict of Nursia OSB
Saint Bridegroom depicted in a Byzantine-style icon, with Latin inscription.
Founder of the Benedictine Order, Exorcist, Mystic, Abbot of Monte Cassino, and Father of Western Monasticism
Born	March 2, 480 AD Norcia, Umbria, Odoacer's Kingdom
Died	March 21, 547 AD[1] [2] Monte Cassino, Eastern Roman Empire
Venerated in	All Christian denominations which venerate saints
Canonized	1220, Rome, Papal States by Pope Honorius III
Major shrine	Monte Cassino Abbey, with his burial Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, near Orléans, France Sacro Speco, at Subiaco, Italy
Banquet	11 July (Full general Roman Calendar), (Anglican Communion) 14 March (Eastern Orthodox Church) 21 March (pre-1970 General Roman Calendar)
Attributes	Bell Broken tray Cleaved cup and snake representing poison Broken utensil Bush Crosier Man in a Benedictine cowl holding Benedict's dominion or a rod of discipline Raven
Patronage	Against poisonous substance Against witchcraft Agricultural workers Cavers Civil engineers Coppersmiths Dying people Erysipelas Europe Farmers Fever Gall stones Heerdt, Frg Heraldry and Officers of arms the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest Inflammatory diseases Italian architects Kidney disease Monks Nettle rash Norcia, Italy People in religious orders San Beda University Schoolchildren and students Servants who have broken their master's belongings Speleologists Spelunkers Temptations

Bridegroom of Nursia OSB (Latin: Benedictus Nursiae; Italian: Benedetto da Norcia; two March 480 Advertising – 21 March 548 AD) was a Christian saint venerated in the Cosmic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion and Old Catholic Churches.^[3] He is a patron saint of Europe.^[4]

Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco, Lazio, Italy (about 65 kilometres (xl mi) to the east of Rome), earlier moving to Monte Cassino in the mountains of central Italian republic. The Society of Saint Benedict is of after origin and, moreover, not an "order" every bit normally understood but merely a confederation of autonomous congregations.^[v]

Bridegroom's primary accomplishment, his "Rule of Saint Benedict", contains a set of rules for his monks to follow. Heavily influenced past the writings of John Cassian, information technology shows strong affinity with the Rule of the Master, merely it also has a unique spirit of residue, moderation and reasonableness ( ἐπιείκεια , epieíkeia), which persuaded nearly Christian religious communities founded throughout the Eye Ages to prefer it. Equally a result, his Rule became i of the most influential religious rules in Western Christendom. For this reason, Giuseppe Carletti regarded Benedict as the founder of Western Christian monasticism.^[vi]

Biography [edit]

Apart from a short poem attributed to Mark of Monte Cassino,^[7] the only aboriginal business relationship of Bridegroom is found in the 2nd volume of Pope Gregory I's four-volume Dialogues, thought to have been written in 593,^[8] although the authenticity of this work is disputed.^[9]

Gregory's account of Benedict's life is not, however, a biography in the modern sense of the word. It provides instead a spiritual portrait of the gentle, disciplined abbot. In a letter to Bishop Maximilian of Syracuse, Gregory states his intention for his Dialogues, saying they are a kind of floretum (an album, literally, 'flowers') of the most striking miracles of Italian holy men.^[ten]

Gregory did not set up out to write a chronological, historically anchored story of Benedict, just he did base his anecdotes on straight testimony. To institute his authorization, Gregory explains that his data came from what he considered the best sources: a handful of Benedict'south disciples who lived with him and witnessed his various miracles. These followers, he says, are Constantinus, who succeeded Bridegroom as Abbot of Monte Cassino, Honoratus, who was abbot of Subiaco when St Gregory wrote his Dialogues, Valentinianus, and Simplicius.

In Gregory's day, history was non recognised as an independent field of study; it was a co-operative of grammar or rhetoric, and historia was an account that summed up the findings of the learned when they wrote what was, at that fourth dimension, considered history.^[11] Gregory's Dialogues, Book Two, and so, an accurate medieval hagiography cast as a conversation between the Pope and his deacon Peter,^[a] is designed to teach spiritual lessons.^[8]

Early life [edit]

He was the son of a Roman noble of Nursia,^{[8] [ obsolete source ]} the modernistic Norcia, in Umbria. A tradition which Bede accepts makes him a twin with his sister Scholastica. If 480 is accepted as the year of his birth, the year of his abandonment of his studies and leaving home would exist about 500. Gregory'due south narrative makes information technology impossible to suppose him younger than 20 at the time.

Benedict was sent to Rome to study, but was disappointed by the life he found at that place. He does not seem to have left Rome for the purpose of condign a hermit, but only to notice some place abroad from the life of the great city. He took his erstwhile nurse with him as a servant and they settled down to live in Enfide.^[12] Enfide, which the tradition of Subiaco identifies with the modern Affile, is in the Simbruini mountains, about forty miles from Rome and two miles from Subiaco.

A short altitude from Enfide is the entrance to a narrow, gloomy valley, penetrating the mountains and leading directly to Subiaco. The path continues to ascend, and the side of the ravine, on which information technology runs, becomes steeper, until a cave is reached above which the mountain now rises almost perpendicularly; while on the right, it strikes in a rapid descent downwardly to where, in Bridegroom'south day, 500 feet (150 m) below, lay the blue waters of a lake. The cavern has a big triangular-shaped opening and is about ten feet deep. On his mode from Enfide, Benedict met a monk, Romanus of Subiaco, whose monastery was on the mountain above the cliff overhanging the cave. Romanus had discussed with Bridegroom the purpose which had brought him to Subiaco, and had given him the monk'due south habit. By his advice Benedict became a hermit and for three years, unknown to men, lived in this cave to a higher place the lake.^[iv]

Afterwards life [edit]

Gregory tells united states piffling of these years. He at present speaks of Benedict no longer as a youth (puer), but every bit a human (vir) of God. Romanus, Gregory tells us, served Benedict in every way he could. The monk apparently visited him oftentimes, and on fixed days brought him nutrient.^[12]

During these three years of confinement, cleaved just by occasional communications with the outer world and past the visits of Romanus, Benedict matured both in listen and grapheme, in knowledge of himself and of his fellow-human being, and at the same fourth dimension he became not simply known to, but secured the respect of, those nearly him; so much and then that on the death of the abbot of a monastery in the neighbourhood (identified by some with Vicovaro), the community came to him and begged him to become its abbot. Benedict was acquainted with the life and subject field of the monastery, and knew that "their manners were various from his and therefore that they would never concord together: still, at length, overcome with their entreaty, he gave his consent" (ibid., 3). The experiment failed; the monks tried to poisonous substance him. The legend goes that they first tried to poison his potable. He prayed a blessing over the cup and the cup shattered. Thus he left the group and went back to his cave at Subiaco. In that location lived in the neighborhood a priest called Florentius who, moved by envy, tried to ruin him. He tried to toxicant him with poisoned breadstuff. When he prayed a approval over the bread, a raven swept in and took the loaf abroad. From this time his miracles seem to have go frequent, and many people, attracted past his sanctity and character, came to Subiaco to be under his guidance. Having failed past sending him poisonous bread, Florentius tried to seduce his monks with some prostitutes. To avoid further temptations, in about 530 Benedict left Subiaco.^[xiii] He founded 12 monasteries in the vicinity of Subiaco, and, eventually, in 530 he founded the cracking Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino,^[4] which lies on a hilltop between Rome and Naples.^[fourteen]

During the invasion of Italia, Totila, Rex of the Goths, ordered a full general to wear his kingly robes and to see whether Bridegroom would detect the truth. Immediately Benedict detected the impersonation, and Totila came to pay him due respect.^[four]

Veneration [edit]

He is believed^{[ by whom? ]} to have died of a fever at Monte Cassino non long afterward his twin sister, Scholastica, and was buried in the same place equally his sister. According to tradition, this occurred on 21 March 547.^[15] He was named patron protector of Europe by Pope Paul Six in 1964.^[16] In 1980, Pope John Paul Ii declared him co-patron of Europe, together with Cyril and Methodius.^[17] Furthermore, he is the patron saint of speleologists.^[18]

In the pre-1970 General Roman Calendar, his feast is kept on 21 March, the twenty-four hours of his decease co-ordinate to some manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum and that of Bede. Because on that date his liturgical memorial would always exist impeded by the observance of Lent, the 1969 revision of the General Roman Agenda moved his memorial to 11 July, the date that appears in some Gallic liturgical books of the cease of the eighth century as the feast commemorating his nascency (Natalis South. Benedicti). At that place is some incertitude about the origin of this feast.^[nineteen] Accordingly, on 21 March the Roman Martyrology mentions in a line and a one-half that it is Benedict'south day of death and that his memorial is historic on 11 July, while on 11 July it devotes 7 lines to speaking of him, and mentions the tradition that he died on 21 March.^[20]

The Eastern Orthodox Church building commemorates Saint Benedict on 14 March.^[21]

The Anglican Communion has no single universal calendar, simply a provincial agenda of saints is published in each province. In about all of these, Saint Benedict is commemorated on 11 July.

Benedict is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 11 July.^[22]

Rule of Saint Benedict [edit]

Benedict wrote the Dominion in 516^[23] for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot. The Rule comprises seventy-three short capacity. Its wisdom is twofold: spiritual (how to alive a Christocentric life on world) and administrative (how to run a monastery efficiently). More than than one-half of the chapters describe how to be obedient and humble, and what to practise when a member of the community is not. Nearly one-fourth regulate the work of God (the "opus Dei"). One-10th outline how, and by whom, the monastery should be managed.

Post-obit the gilt dominion of Ora et Labora – pray and piece of work, the monks each day devoted eight hours to prayer, eight hours to sleep, and 8 hours to manual work, sacred reading and/or works of charity.^[4]

Saint Bridegroom Medal [edit]

Benedict depicted on a Jubilee Saint Bridegroom Medal for the 1,400th anniversary of his nascence in 1880

This devotional medal originally came from a cross in honor of Saint Benedict. On ane side, the medal has an image of Saint Benedict, holding the Holy Rule in his left paw and a cross in his right. In that location is a raven on one side of him, with a cup on the other side of him. Around the medal'due south outer margin are the words "Eius in obitu nostro praesentia muniamur" ("May we exist strengthened by his presence in the hour of our death"). The other side of the medal has a cross with the initials CSSML on the vertical bar which signify "Crux Sacra Sit Mihi Lux" ("May the Holy Cross be my calorie-free") and on the horizontal bar are the initials NDSMD which stand for "Non-Draco Sit Mihi Dux" ("Let not the dragon be my guide"). The initials CSPB stand for "Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti" ("The Cantankerous of the Holy Father Benedict") and are located on the interior angles of the cross. Either the inscription "PAX" (Peace) or the Christogram "IHS" may be establish at the peak of the cantankerous in most cases. Effectually the medal's margin on this side are the Vade Retro Satana initials VRSNSMV which represent "Vade Retro Satana, Nonquam Suade Mihi Vana" ("Begone Satan, exercise not suggest to me thy vanities") then a space followed past the initials SMQLIVB which signify "Sunt Mala Quae Libas, Ipse Venena Bibas" ("Evil are the things k profferest, beverage k thine own poisonous substance").^[24]

Image of Saint Benedict with a cross (which is inscribed, "Crux sacra sit mihi lux! Non-draco sit mihi dux!" ("May the holy cross be my light! May the dragon never be my guide!")) and a curlicue stating "Vade retro Satana! Nunquam suade mihi vana! Sunt mala quae libas. Ipse venena bibas! ("Begone Satan! Never tempt me with your vanities! The drink y'all offer is evil. Beverage that poison yourself!", or in cursory,Vade Retro Satana which is abbreviated on the Saint Benedict Medal.

This medal was commencement struck in 1880 to commemorate the fourteenth centenary of Bridegroom'southward nascence and is also chosen the Jubilee Medal; its exact origin, however, is unknown. In 1647, during a witchcraft trial at Natternberg near Metten Abbey in Bavaria, the accused women testified they had no ability over Metten, which was under the protection of the cantankerous. An investigation establish a number of painted crosses on the walls of the abbey with the letters now found on St Benedict medals, only their meaning had been forgotten. A manuscript written in 1415 was eventually found that had a picture of Benedict holding a curl in one manus and a staff which ended in a cross in the other. On the ringlet and staff were written the full words of the initials contained on the crosses. Medals then began to exist struck in Federal republic of germany, which then spread throughout Europe. This medal was first canonical by Pope Benedict XIV in his briefs of 23 Dec 1741 and 12 March 1742.^[24]

Benedict has been also the motive of many collector'south coins effectually the globe. The Republic of austria fifty euro 'The Christian Religious Orders', issued on 13 March 2002 is i of them.

Influence [edit]

The early Middle Ages accept been chosen "the Benedictine centuries."^[25] In Apr 2008, Pope Bridegroom Sixteen discussed the influence St Benedict had on Western Europe. The pope said that "with his life and work St Benedict exercised a fundamental influence on the evolution of European civilization and culture" and helped Europe to emerge from the "dark night of history" that followed the fall of the Roman empire.^[26]

Bridegroom contributed more anyone else to the rise of monasticism in the West. His Rule was the foundational document for thousands of religious communities in the Center Ages.^[27] To this solar day, The Rule of St. Benedict is the most mutual and influential Rule used by monasteries and monks, more than 1,400 years later its writing. Today the Benedictine family is represented past 2 branches: the Benedictine Federation and the Cistercians.^[28]

A basilica was built upon the birthplace of Benedict and Scholastica in the 1400s. Ruins of their familial home were excavated from beneath the church building and preserved. The earthquake of 30 Oct 2016 completely devastated the structure of the basilica, leaving only the forepart facade and altar standing.^{[29] [xxx]}

Gallery [edit]

Come across as well Category:Paintings of Benedict of Nursia.

• 

  Saint Benedict and the cup of poison (Melk Abbey, Republic of austria)

• 

  Pocket-sized gold-coloured Saint Benedict crucifix

• 

• 

  Portrait (1926) by Herman Nieg (1849–1928); Heiligenkreuz Abbey, Austria

• 

  St. Benedict at the Expiry of St. Scholastica (c. 1250–60), Musée National de l'Historic period Médiévale, Paris, orig. at the Abbatiale of St. Denis

See besides [edit]

• Anthony the Great
• Saint Scholastica (St. Benedict'south twin sis)
• Benedictine Order
• Camaldolese
• Hermit
• Poustinia
• San Beneto
• Saint Benedict Medal
• Vade retro satana
• Tenjin (kami): patron of students and scholars

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ For the various literary accounts, see Anonymous Monk of Whitby, The Earliest Life of Gregory the Dandy, tr. B. Colgrave (Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing, 1985), p. 157, n. 110.

Citations [edit]

1. ^ "Saint Benedict | Biography, Rule, & Facts".
2. ^ "Who is Saint Benedict?".
3. ^ Barry, Patrick (1995). St. Benedict and Christianity in England. Gracewing Publishing. p. 32. ISBN9780852443385.
4. ^ ^{a b c d due east} Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "St. Benedict". My First Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate - Quality Cosmic Publications. pp. 145–147. ISBN971-91595-4-5.
5. ^ Holder, Arthur G. (2009). Christian Spirituality: The Classics. Taylor & Francis. p. 70. ISBN9780415776028. Today, tens of thousands of men and women throughout the world profess to live their lives according to Benedict'southward Rule. These men and women are associated with over two g Roman Catholic, Anglican, and ecumenical Benedictine monasteries on half-dozen continents.
6. ^ Carletti, Giuseppe, Life of St. Bridegroom (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Printing, 1971).
7. ^ "The Autumn Number 1921" (PDF). The Ampleforth Periodical.
8. ^ ^{a b c} "Ford, Hugh. "St. Benedict of Norcia." The Cosmic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 3 Mar. 2014".
9. ^ Life and Miracles of St. Bridegroom (Book II, Dialogues), tr. Odo John Zimmerman, O.South.B. and Benedict , O.S.B. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), p. four.
10. ^ Encounter Ildephonso Schuster, Saint Benedict and His Times, Gregory J. Roettger, tr. (London: B. Herder, 1951), p. 2.
11. ^ See Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis, ed., Historiography in the Middle Ages (Boston: Brill, 2003), pp. i–2.
12. ^ ^{a b} ""Saint Bridegroom, Abbot", Lives of Saints, John J. Crawley & Co., Inc".
13. ^ Bunson, K., Bunson, Chiliad., & Bunson, South., Our Dominicus Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints (Huntington IN: Our Sunday Visitor, 2014), p. 125.
14. ^ Nursia Archived 16 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
15. ^ "Saint Benedict of Norcia".
16. ^ "St. Bridegroom of Norcia". Cosmic Online. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
17. ^ "Egregiae Virtutis". Retrieved 26 April 2009. Apostolic letter of Pope John Paul Two, 31 December 1980 (in Latin)
18. ^ Brewer's dictionary of phrase & fable. Cassell. p.953
19. ^ "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana), pp. 97 and 119
20. ^ Martyrologium Romanum 199 (edito altera 2004); pages 188 and 361 of the 2001 edition (Libreria Editrice Vaticana ISBN 978-88-209-7210-3)
21. ^ ""Orthodox Church building in America: The Lives of the Saints, March 14th"".
22. ^ "The Agenda". The Church of England . Retrieved 27 March 2021.
23. ^ Dugdale, William; Stevens, John; Wright, James; Dodsworth, Roger (1693). Monasticon Anglicanum, or, The history of the aboriginal abbies, and other monasteries, hospitals, cathedral and collegiate churches in England and Wales. With defined French, Irish gaelic, and Scotch monasteries formerly relating to England. Sam Keble.
24. ^ ^{a b} The Life of St Bridegroom, by St. Gregory the Bully, Rockford, IL: TAN Books, pp threescore–62.
25. ^ "Western Europe in the Middle Ages". Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
26. ^ Bridegroom XVI, "Saint Benedict of Norcia" Homily given to a full general audition at St. Peter's Square on Wednesday, 9 April 2008 "?". Retrieved 4 August 2010.
27. ^ Stracke, Prof. J.R., "St. Benedict – Iconography", Augusta Land University Archived xvi Nov 2011 at the Wayback Machine
28. ^ "Foley O.F.M., Leonard, rev. McCloskey O.F.M., Pat, "Saint of the Twenty-four hour period", American Catholic".
29. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on four November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
30. ^ Bruton, F. B., & Lavanga, C., "Beer-Brewing Monks of Norcia Say Earthquake Destroys St. Benedict Basilica", NBC News, October 31, 2016.

Sources [edit]

• Gardner, Edmund G., ed. (1911). The Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Bang-up. London and Boston: Philip Lee Warner, Publisher to the Medici Society Ltd. ISBN9781889758947.

External links [edit]

• "The Guild of Saint Bridegroom". osb.org. (Institutional website of the Social club of Saint Bridegroom)
• "Life and Miracles of Saint Bridegroom" (in English, Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese). Archived from the original on 21 October 2004.

The Rule [edit]

• "A Benedictine Oblate Priest – The Rule in Parish Life". Archived from the original on 25 Jan 2009.
• St. Benedict's Dominion for Monasteries at Project Gutenberg, translated by Leonard J. Doyle
• "The Holy Rule of St. Benedict". Translated past Boniface Verheyen.

Publications [edit]

• Gregory the Bully. "Life and Miracles of St Benedict". Dialogues. Vol. Volume 2. pp. 51–101.
• Guéranger, Prosper (1880). "The Medal Or Cantankerous of St. Bridegroom: Its Origin, Meaning, and Privileges".
• Works past Bridegroom of Nursia at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or almost Benedict of Nursia at Internet Annal
• Works by Bridegroom of Nursia at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• "Saint Benedict of Norcia, Patron of Poison Sufferers, Monks, And Many More". Archived from the original on 21 April 2014.
• Marett-Crosby, A., ed., The Benedictine Handbook (Norwich: Canterbury Press, 2003).
• Publications by and near Benedict of Nursia in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library

Iconography [edit]

• "Saint Benedict of Norcia".
• "Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica".

Others [edit]

• "Saint Catherine Labouré: mystic and messenger of the Miraculous Medal". Invisible Monastery of charity and fraternity - Christian family unit prayer (in English, Spanish, French, German, and Portuguese). Archived from the original on eight September 2004.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia

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